Overview: Transdermal estradiol is available as a patch, gel, or spray that is applied to the skin to increase estrogen levels. It is used after menopause to prevent osteoporosis or to reduce ...

Overview: Vaginal estradiol is available as a cream, insert, or ring that is inserted into the vagina to increase estrogen levels. It is used after menopause to reduce vaginal dryness and itching ...

The hormone estrogen (E2) binds the estrogen receptor to promote transcription of E2-responsive genes in the breast and other tissues. E2 also has links to genomic instability, and elevated E2 levels ...