With a flat roof, rafters are sometimes called roof joists. Beams are structural elements that are designed to carry vertical gravitational forces or horizontal loads. They are subject to bending ...

Everything You Need to Know Reviewed by Deane BiermeierFact checked by Sarah ScottReviewed by Deane BiermeierFact checked by ...

Posts and beams can be steel, wood or engineered lumber. When placing joists, studs, rafters or trusses, carpenters need to ...

Girders are steel members spanning between columns and usually supporting other beams. Transfer girders are members that support columns and transfer loads to other columns. The primary stresses in ...