bismuth and its compounds are remarkably harmless — many bismuth compounds are even less toxic than table salt (sodium chloride) 4! This makes bismuth unique among the heavy metals, and has ...

For example, bismuth chloride reacts with water in a reversible reaction: BiCl 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) ⇌ BiOCl(s) + 2HCl(aq) The concentration of hydrochloric acid can be increased by adding more ...

This kind of solar cell technology had so far reached efficiencies of up to 9%. The new result was made possible by a ...